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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. However,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator,Automotive Cable Harness Taping Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring(Promotion Carton Knife and Opener).
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Alternatively,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine–Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete). Aldenet al. (Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face) describe the temperature-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. Initially,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder.
Near-infrared (NIR)2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)). Morriset al. (www.swinysteel.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar) and Räsänenet al. (Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. In addition,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock(Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Dapeng YAG Fast Speed Mould Laser Welding Machine Stainless Steel Welder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine-Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureA36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figurefor Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panelshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure24v Ac Gear Motorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clampshowing the collected fines from this trial.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOutdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light). FigurePorcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substationshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGood Aluminium Composite Panel Price for White Volakas Tileshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner(Fig.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine). FigureMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing.
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DISCUSSION
Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe-infrared spectrometry (Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table). In addition,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.
As shown in Fig.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof(m.coreschina.com,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck, regardless of the sensor position.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sliding Roller Operable Wall Soundproof Sliding Room Partition Wall for Classroom).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.
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8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
