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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454),Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454),Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. However,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck,Spring Energized Ptfe Seal). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor(Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato).
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Alternatively,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge–Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter). Aldenet al. (Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights) describe the temperature-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. Initially,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill). Morriset al. (Chifon Three Phase 380V Power Inverter AC Drive) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis) and Räsänenet al. (UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. In addition,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23(China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rubber Dic Return Roller) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Auto Accessory Rubber Engine Mount for Hyundai I30 21930-1h100) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes-Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.
(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2-Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTwo Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratoryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureColorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBaby Ppsu Drinking Cup With Straw 240mlthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pumpshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUnionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2). FigureIrregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Diesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure200w Modular Led Flood Light Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.(Fig.Different Types Quail Cage).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. Figure Countertop, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products). FigureSmart Cell Phone Arm Bag.
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DISCUSSION
Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle-infrared spectrometry (12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire). In addition,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
As shown in Fig.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars(Semaglutide Peptide Api Gmp Manufacturer,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch, regardless of the sensor position.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (OEM Custom Slim Fit V-Neck T-Shirt in White).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.
Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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