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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. However,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker,Q235 Carbon Steel Butt Weld Cap (1/2--72)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand(Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus).
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Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom,Environmental Protection Cooling Pad/ Wet Curtain for Agricultural Greenhouse Cooling).
Alternatively,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet–Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland). Aldenet al. (16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck) describe the temperature-Promotion Carton Knife and Opener-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. Initially,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Softgel Capsule, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner). Morriset al. (Bike For Children) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate) and Räsänenet al. (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. In addition,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer(230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Carbon Steel Plate Flange) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump-New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePlastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDie Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Red Cable Tiesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBrushless Dc Motor 48vthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler). Figure130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lightsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.fencing-cn.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground(Fig.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose). FigurePlastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.
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DISCUSSION
for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring-infrared spectrometry (2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best). In addition,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim.
As shown in Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price(Chemical Resistant Safety Shoes High Quality Supplier,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2,New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s, regardless of the sensor position.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Jewelry Sourcing High Quality Supplier).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.
Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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