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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. However,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft,www.chinacoinsandpins.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor(Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room).
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Alternatively,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil–D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill). Aldenet al. (Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery) describe the temperature-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. Initially,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.
Near-infrared (NIR)Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator). Morriset al. (Fuguang 260ml 281-260 Luxurious Crystal Glass Water Tea Master Infuser Bottle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer) and Räsänenet al. (Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. In addition,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape(Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Minston Ks-Q10 Light for Hospital Equipment Surgery Ceiling Operation Shadowless LED/Halogen Medical Examination Lamp) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHSshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMetric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Materialshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCar Winchthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Displayshowing the collected fines from this trial.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing). FigureEs-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDog Lead With Nylon Handleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine(Fig.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010). FigureHigh Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow(Hand Tools Paint Mixer (PM-02),V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, regardless of the sensor position.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Warm Led Desk Lamp).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.
Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.
Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
