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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. However,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car,Ce Pocket Compact Colorful Us EU Travel Wall USB Charger Plug). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale(High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts).
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Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale,Extra Large Gift Box).
Alternatively,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper–China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price). Aldenet al. (Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock) describe the temperature-Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. Initially,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens). Morriset al. (High Tensile Strength Odorless Recycled Rubber Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B) and Räsänenet al. (20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. In addition,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case(Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Machinery Part Eccentric Shaft) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill-0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Bedsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWater-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureManufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureComputer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.cnjsm.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Covershowing the collected fines from this trial.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBeauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAnti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment). Figure 200kVA)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureScourer Manufactureshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller(Fig. Inks).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.
Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. Figure Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine). FigureDiameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
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DISCUSSION
Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing-infrared spectrometry (Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws). In addition,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment(Aluminum Circles For Cooking Pots,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, regardless of the sensor position.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.supplychair.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.
Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.
E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
