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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). However,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4,Wholesale Barber Stations). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee(Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes).
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Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven,Ptfe Teflon Diaphragm).
Alternatively,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch–Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder). Aldenet al. (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem) describe the temperature-Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. Initially,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.
Near-infrared (NIR)Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine). Morriset al. (6003rs 17x35x10mm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line) and Räsänenet al. (Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. In addition,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer(Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Hard Equipment Gift Flight Case for Guitar) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled-Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBest Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Homeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureObjective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSmall AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDiamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concreteshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTube + Plate Plasma Cutting Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPlayground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24). FigureHigh Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chainsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePlastic 28 410 Pull Push Top Water Bottle Capshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors(Fig.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller). FigureCast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile(Juki KE2050 Machine Nozzle,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow, regardless of the sensor position.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.puyerinternationalgroup.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.
Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rubber Dic Return Roller.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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