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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. However,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion,Hangcha Heli Tcm Forklift Spare Parts Separately Excited DC Motor 1243 Controller). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians(1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter).
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Alternatively,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal–Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal). Aldenet al. (Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine) describe the temperature-Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Initially,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.
Near-infrared (NIR)Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size). Morriset al. (Laser Co2 60w) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator) and Räsänenet al. (Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. In addition,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap(Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Frp Roofing Sheets Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks-Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fire Protective Gloves. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodieshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDisposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureQz Auto Industrial Lifting Magnetsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extrudershowing the collected fines from this trial.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter). FigureGermany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hoseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCm1 3p 63AMP 63 AMP 63A AC Electric Leakage MCCB MCB Moulded Case Circuit Breakershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316(Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Double Braided Rope).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine). FigureQt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.
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DISCUSSION
PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box-infrared spectrometry (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)). In addition,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
As shown in Fig.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker(China Folding Electric Scooter For Adult,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit, regardless of the sensor position.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Different Types Quail Cage: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cosmetic Cream Tube Manual Filling Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.
Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.
V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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