Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,Automatic Plane Label Sticking Machine for Card Hang Tag Paper Box Plastif Film Flat Surface Labeling Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights(Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate).

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Alternatively,1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)–Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels). Aldenet al. (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim) describe the temperature-Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. Initially,Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished.

Near-infrared (NIR)Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica). Morriset al. (China Construction Machinery Topless Tower Crane) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer. In addition,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot(2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hans GS High Speed Laser Cutting Machines for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light-36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureChina Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab Houseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureLED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textileshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFactory Sale B301/B311 Lithopone for Coating and Printing Industrythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylindershowing the collected fines from this trial.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomated Fue Extraction Devices,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin). FigurePortable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Rollershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePe Material Shrink Stretch Wrapshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves(Fig.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer). FigureShanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine.

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DISCUSSION

12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar-infrared spectrometry (Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes). In addition,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale.

As shown in Fig.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock(Epson Original Print Head for Any Inkjet Sublimation Printer Dx-5/6/7,Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder, regardless of the sensor position.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Custom Adhesive Metal Label Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.

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High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.

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Acknowledgments

References