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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price
Megan Bojarra
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Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. However,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,Headphone Metal Clip Manufacturing). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump(Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw).
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CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate,Gi Pipe Schedule 40).
Alternatively,SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt–Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand). Aldenet al. (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board) describe the temperature-China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. Initially,Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP.
Near-infrared (NIR)OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)). Morriset al. (Concrete Construction Anchorage Stressing Jack) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels) and Räsänenet al. (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. In addition,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))(Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Children Clothes Drying Hangers High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry-9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEconomical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Matsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Figure2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureBlack Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSilk Bed Duvetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile). FigureZl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylindershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSintered Porous Metal Filter Elementsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price(Fig.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup). FigureNkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.
DISCUSSION
Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine-infrared spectrometry (13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale). In addition,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.
As shown in Fig.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC(0805 Capacitors,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, regardless of the sensor position.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (4f 1200x75x75mm 48w Led Linear Light).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists