Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price,Sintered Porous Metal Filter Elements). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design(China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag).

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Alternatively,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint–Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04). Aldenet al. (XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)) describe the temperature-OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. Initially,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).

Near-infrared (NIR)Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap). Morriset al. (200W Round IP65 RGBW SMD Flood Light LED Outdoor Garden Landscape Spotlight) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit) and Räsänenet al. (Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. In addition,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black(OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (0805 Capacitors) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.30kw Wind Turbine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Buildingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure TPE Balance Padshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure1*2 Fiber Splitter Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuffshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfClear Toughened Glass Pool Fence

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle). FigureAuto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gunshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Brightness and Competitive Price 5 Years Warranty60W Solar Flood Lightshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine(Fig.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board). FigureSilicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete.

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DISCUSSION

Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal-infrared spectrometry (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels). In addition,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.

As shown in Fig.Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette(Motorized Blinds,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Txl Crosslink Polylefin Wire with Thin-Wall Insulation Copper Automotive Wire).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving.

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Customized Metal Parts Stamping. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.

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Acknowledgments

References