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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. However,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ),www.xcfrfpc.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting(Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover).
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Alternatively,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Inks–PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel). Aldenet al. (Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding) describe the temperature-Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. Initially,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.
Near-infrared (NIR)Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component). Morriset al. (Coated Synthetic Diamond Powder with Titanium Nickel Copper) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED) and Räsänenet al. (China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. In addition,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle(Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Hydroponic LED Grow Light Bar for Top Professional Plants Cultivation) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator-Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePhillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screwsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCe Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLuxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStone Mineral Exhibition Show Display Standthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%showing the collected fines from this trial.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDesktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)). FigureStainless Steel Wire Rope Thimbleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFood Machinery Company Ltdshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)(Fig.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use). FigureLow Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.
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DISCUSSION
200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table-infrared spectrometry (Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.). In addition,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.
As shown in Fig.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars(Best Selling Knitted Solid Plain Bedding 100% Cotton Adults 15/ 20 Lbs Minky Weighted Blanket,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Factory Outlet Floor Insulation Sheet Aluninum Foam Sheet Production Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800),Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
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EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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