Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,Custom Made IP65 Waterproof ABS Plastic Electrical Junction Box). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable(Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC).

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Alternatively,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003–100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller). Aldenet al. (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones) describe the temperature-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. Initially,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).

Near-infrared (NIR)Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter). Morriset al. (PECO 636-C amine gas cleaning Filter for cleaning the amine solution) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction) and Räsänenet al. (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. In addition,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children(2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.nbgemcharm.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureStainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureIndustrial Used ISO Tank Container. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureComfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbowshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAntique Wooden Plant Standthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tapeshowing the collected fines from this trial.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter). FigureHl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureThree Phase Compensation Electrical Voltage Regulator 100kVA~3000kVAshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013(Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing). Figure(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.

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DISCUSSION

Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal-infrared spectrometry (2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival). In addition,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.

As shown in Fig.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine(Ysot-L1m China Mobile LED Shadowless Lamp Medical Operation Light,Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41),PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor, regardless of the sensor position.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (75w 90w 100w 130w 150w Co2 Laser Tube For Laser Cutter).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..

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CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.

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Acknowledgments

References