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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. However,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800),Posture Corrector Clavicle Support). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger(Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels).
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Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective,Panel Connector Hardware).
Alternatively,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316–2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter). Aldenet al. (Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats) describe the temperature-UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. Initially,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
Near-infrared (NIR)Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)). Morriset al. (Best Quality of Aerosapce Aluminium Sheet Plate 7075) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical) and Räsänenet al. (China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. In addition,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener(Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (coilcraft wideband choke) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy-Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textileshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureComputerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndustrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Moldingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCharmilles Wire EDM Parts Contact Sleeve 20X24mml 130003362then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit). FigureCarbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Diesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCast Iron Foundryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel(Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven). FigureSanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
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DISCUSSION
Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price-infrared spectrometry (Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder). In addition,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
As shown in Fig.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric(22.5cc Hedge Trimmer,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence, regardless of the sensor position.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Touch Aero).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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