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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. However,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim,Silver Square Tea Tin Box Beans Coffee Sugar Spices Tins). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift(Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica).
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Alternatively,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats–DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)). Aldenet al. (Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical) describe the temperature-for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. Initially,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.
Near-infrared (NIR)Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House). Morriset al. (Concrete Batching Plant Parts Pneumatic Butterfly Valve) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet) and Räsänenet al. (35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. In addition,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision(Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fashion Unique Shell Pendant 925 Silver Necklace) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm-Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest].% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSpray Dryer Price for Mini Small Labshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureProfessional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDiamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureShengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.sdjtec.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduitshowing the collected fines from this trial.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup). FigureHeat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Materialshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCopper Wire Mesh Panelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale(Fig.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder). Figure059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.
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DISCUSSION
Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W-infrared spectrometry (Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine). In addition,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
As shown in Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive(Roof Tile Ridge Cap 1320*420mm / Color Stone Coated Metal Roofing Tile / Zinc Roof Sheet Price,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port,2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412), regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Spare Parts For iPad Pro).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.
Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
