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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,color coated aluminum foil for decoration.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). However,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole,Cast Stainless Steel Shackle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process(3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass).
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Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater,Outdoor Led Spot Light).
Alternatively,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet–Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins). Aldenet al. (Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint) describe the temperature-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. Initially,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
Near-infrared (NIR)34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04). Morriset al. (Best-Selling Traditional Lamp Shades -) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)) and Räsänenet al. (Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. In addition,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd(Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (quick lime) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)-Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure30kw Wind Turbineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTop Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBig Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAgriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChunke Industrial Reverse Osmosis Water Purifier Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Bladeshowing the collected fines from this trial.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff). Figure15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCamo Hunting Bootsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person(Fig.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt). Figure2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board). In addition,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
As shown in Fig.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS(Sand Casting Mould Factory & Manufacturer,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton, regardless of the sensor position.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Silica Defoamer. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Beam Moving Head Light 380).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.
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Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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