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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). However,Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch,Industrial Wood Shredder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price(Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder).
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Alternatively,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013–Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port). Aldenet al. (2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)) describe the temperature-Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. Initially,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price). Morriset al. (24W Popular Magnetic LED Ceiling Light Module) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass) and Räsänenet al. (Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. In addition,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm(Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Advertising LED Display Screen 49 Digital Advertising Display Digital Signage Case Indoor Digital Signage Display Banner Advertising 49 Inch) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men-E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDiamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concreteshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePopular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWhite Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.color coated aluminum foil for decoration.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chairshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHl 1250 Series Biomass Comprehensive Crusherthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Kl Feed Pellet Millshowing the collected fines from this trial.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041),Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAntiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC). FigureHot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Axis Cnc Xyz1325shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process(Fig.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale). FigureLuxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.
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DISCUSSION
T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)-infrared spectrometry (ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head). In addition,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
As shown in Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)(Black Annealed Steel Wire,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd, regardless of the sensor position.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Lost Wax Casting of Various Carbon Steel).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.
Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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