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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. However,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316,6 Ounce Stainless Steel Thermos Flask Drinking Bottle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile(2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter).
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off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical,3d Led Fan Air Display).
Alternatively,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House–Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet). Aldenet al. (35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator) describe the temperature-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. Initially,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
Near-infrared (NIR)3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor). Morriset al. (China Supplier Portable Handheld Laser Welder Laser Welding Machine Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)) and Räsänenet al. (Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). In addition,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt(Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Womens Embroidery Tank Tops) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch-OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Moldingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureFood Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureModular Home for Accommodation Solution. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFactory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cupshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Cuttingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Materialshowing the collected fines from this trial.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer). FigureExhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Stiffness Laminated Paper Board Grey Cardboardshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man(Fig.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
Industrial Used ISO Tank Container,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. FigureFabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line). FigureOEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
DISCUSSION
Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use-infrared spectrometry (Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port). In addition,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump.
As shown in Fig.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe(5 Axis CNC Waterjet Cutting Machine for Metal Glass Cutter,Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer, regardless of the sensor position.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Solar Twine Glass Orb).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.
Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.
PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgments
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References
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