Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample,1000 Lumen Led Headlamp). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw(450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle).

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Alternatively,Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds–V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL). Aldenet al. (35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall) describe the temperature-PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). Initially,AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.

Near-infrared (NIR)Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Round Cosmetic Powder Puff). Morriset al. (Jsm S9-250kVA/11kv Oil Immersion Transformer Distribution Transformer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100) and Räsänenet al. (PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. In addition,UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire(Wholesale Construction Hand Tools).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.hondeeprecision.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves-PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Moldshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureGood Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Factory Customized Precision Optical Lensshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminium Extruded Sections Automatic Electrostatic Powder Coating Line Assembly Linethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06Bshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven,Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAbrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder). FigureChuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metalshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.kundetools.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line(Fig.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover). Figure7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm.

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DISCUSSION

Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet-infrared spectrometry (Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment). In addition,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.

As shown in Fig. 200kVA), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck(Cnc Multi-Shape Glass Cutting Machine, Inks). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel,Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker, regardless of the sensor position.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ufo High Bay 200w).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.

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Acknowledgments

References