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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. However,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House,Girls Unicorn Tassel Shirts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting(Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet).
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Alternatively,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile–Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder). Aldenet al. (Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab) describe the temperature-2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Initially,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin). Morriset al. (Pet Christmas Costume) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. In addition,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection(Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Indoor Soft Play Equipment) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFactory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cupshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLarge Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAmbulance Oxygen Cylinder Holderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chairshowing the collected fines from this trial.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819),World Flag Mini Car Flags,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChildren Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven). FigurePlastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switchshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.hnachina.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Good Quality Lift Door Slider(Fig.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. FigureGold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass). FigurePortable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
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DISCUSSION
Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part-infrared spectrometry (Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)). In addition,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
As shown in Fig.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis(Automatic Water Wastwater Treatment Chamber/Membrane/Belt/Screw/Frame/Plate/Diaphragm Dewatering Manual Hydraulic Press Filter,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, regardless of the sensor position.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Spare Parts for Drilling Machine/China Manufacturer Ceramic Cylinder Liner).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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