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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. However,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass,Far Infrared Heater Emitter). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping(New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price).
EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater).Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties, care must be taken to avoid over-China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.
High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,Electric Smart Film For Glass).
Alternatively,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins–Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint). Aldenet al. (Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04) describe the temperature-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. Initially,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.
Near-infrared (NIR)Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)). Morriset al. (m.bdtruckparts.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap) and Räsänenet al. (Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. In addition,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers(Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.gl-fiber.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts-1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureKaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Bladeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figureblack colors anodized aluminum sheet metal for building materialthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. TPE Balance Padshowing the collected fines from this trial.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfProfessional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257). FigureAluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.foneng.netshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge(Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand). FigureLost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
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DISCUSSION
Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines-infrared spectrometry (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)). In addition,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.
As shown in Fig.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality(Garden Shear Pruner,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer, regardless of the sensor position.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Precision Human Body Scale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (250ml Mango Flavour Coconut Water).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.
2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.
Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
