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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. However,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass,Digital Tv Headend Hd Encoder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag(Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home).
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OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063,Aluminium Melting Furnace).
Alternatively,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case–Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete). Aldenet al. (4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor) describe the temperature-Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. Initially,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.
Near-infrared (NIR)Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)). Morriset al. (Dc Inverter Heat Pump For Cooling Heating) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24) and Räsänenet al. (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. In addition,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting(Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Kl Feed Pellet Mill) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Double Wire Clamp) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes-Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePortable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphonesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDrainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deckthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Liftershowing the collected fines from this trial.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBrown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion). Figure2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.shphe-en.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089(Fig.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow). FigureSemi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan.
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DISCUSSION
Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale-infrared spectrometry (Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing). In addition,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.
As shown in Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine(Curved Welded Wire Mesh Fence,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07, regardless of the sensor position.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (13A Waterproof Switch Socket with Switch IP8336s).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.
Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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