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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. However,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat,6112000570 Belt Tensioner Pulley for Mercedes Benz Spinter 901 Vito W638 W211). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)(Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system).
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Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie,m.agapassworld.com).
Alternatively,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate–New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use). Aldenet al. (OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. Initially,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap). Morriset al. (Wholesale Diamond Wire Mesh Chain Link Fence Gate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ) and Räsänenet al. (Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. In addition,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game(PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.xinhua-metal.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAuto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePersonalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChinese OEM Suppliers Precision Electronic Parts Injection Moldingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizershowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ),Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLuxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPortable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting). FigureOutdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureManual Driven Hose Reelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS(Fig.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad). FigureHigh Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).
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DISCUSSION
Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers-infrared spectrometry (2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home). In addition,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.
As shown in Fig.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)(Thermal Food Meal Insulated Cooler Box Lunch Tote Bag Custom,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge, regardless of the sensor position.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Gate Light).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.
Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm.
Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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