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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. However,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel,Ball Mill Grinding Media Ball). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter(Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House).
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Alternatively,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve–2bmf Series Seeder). Aldenet al. (Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle) describe the temperature-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. Initially,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)). Morriset al. (Stainless Steel Flexible Metal Duct Hydraulic Elbow Forming Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow) and Räsänenet al. (Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. In addition,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)(Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Vibrating Sieve Screen) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block-10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureColor Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOriginal Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLuxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker., the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleanershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLt Ht Voltage Stabilizerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)showing the collected fines from this trial.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)). FigureFiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureEuropean Box Type Large Substationshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo(Fig.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw). FigureHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers.
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DISCUSSION
off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine-infrared spectrometry ( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE). In addition,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.
As shown in Fig.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor(W75cu25 Density 14.5g/Cc Tungsten Copper Alloy Sheet Used in Industrial Counterbalances,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440),Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, regardless of the sensor position.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Strength Polyester Belts Suitcase Luggage Packing Straps with Number Lock).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.
Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
