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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. However,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards,Exhibition Carpet Tiles). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics(Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting).
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OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Stringing Machine).
Alternatively,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Different Types Quail Cage, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm–Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children). Aldenet al. ( Leatherst600) describe the temperature-Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Initially,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.
Near-infrared (NIR)Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed). Morriset al. (Desktop High Intensity Focused Hifu Ultrasonic Skin Rejuvenation/Vaginal Tightening) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump) and Räsänenet al. (Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. In addition,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL(Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (300g Bag Packing Instant Dried Noodles Udon Noodles) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core-PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTwo Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCBshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFive Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Invertershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina 250Wthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtrationshowing the collected fines from this trial.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTop Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo). FigureSelf Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Sealshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1/2" Inch Cast Iron Flangeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)(Fig.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game). FigureNail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.
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DISCUSSION
Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer-infrared spectrometry (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate). In addition,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.
As shown in Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality(Custom Logo Metal Keychain Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sugar Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.
Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.
Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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