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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. However,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished,Small 3.7 V Rechargeable Battery). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)(Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification).
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Alternatively,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood–175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch) describe the temperature-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. Initially,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.
Near-infrared (NIR)ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat). Morriset al. (Bubble Tea Kiosk) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (World Flag Mini Car Flags) and Räsänenet al. (2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. In addition,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric(Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (OEM Wholesale Cutomized Melange Fleece Hooded Full Zip Men′s Jackets) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord-A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truckshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Millshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCmc In Printing Pastethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassisshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfYrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine). FigureRubber Dic Return Rollershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurechina-jinghai.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee(Fig.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Silica Defoamer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump). FigureCentrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.
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DISCUSSION
Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh-infrared spectrometry ( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2). In addition,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.
As shown in Fig.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting(Steel Lost Wax Investment Casting CNC Machining Textile Machinery Spare Parts,Different Types Quail Cage). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (P4 High Brightness LED Screen,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, regardless of the sensor position.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Automatic Repair Desktop 3D Portrait Scanner).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.
Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).
China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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