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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878),Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878),Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. However,Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis,Galvanized Stack 4 High Euro Type Wire Mesh Cages Pallet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker(UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire).
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Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.Automated Fue Extraction Devices.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine,Ford Ranger Px Wheel Arch Flares Decorative Screws Model 2012-2014).
Alternatively,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price–Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory). Aldenet al. (Silica Defoamer) describe the temperature-Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. Initially,High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard.
Near-infrared (NIR)Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China). Morriset al. (Bolt Screw Thread Rolling Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units) and Räsänenet al. (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage. In addition,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube(Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Color Steel Corrugated Roll Forming Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet-The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureIrregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Diesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBig Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureV1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDmr- Swivel Bucket Seat - Great Hide Seat Manufacturesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cakeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm,Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCorrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Countertop). FigurePlastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Productsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLuxury Vibration Zinc Alloy Soft Massage Eye Cream Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)(Fig.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing.
LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign,Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. FigureAluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer). FigurePetroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire(Rechargeable Led Desk Lamp, Curtain Panel). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler, regardless of the sensor position.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Anti Cameca Video Tamper Evident Nontransfer Void Non Residue Adhesive Tape).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness,Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale.
15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter.
Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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