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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). However,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Saw Blade for Harvester Machine,Webforge Type Hot-DIP Galvanized Marine Gratings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts(Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping).
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Alternatively,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Good Quality Lift Door Slider–Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table). Aldenet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire) describe the temperature-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. Initially,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
Near-infrared (NIR)Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Prefabricated Building in Warehouse). Morriset al. (Cup Packaging Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron) and Räsänenet al. (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. In addition,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller(100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (C Chanel Roll Forming Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal-Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warrantyshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAnti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broilershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCast Foundrythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Toolshowing the collected fines from this trial.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andffor iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment). FigureNatural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extractshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLa2o3shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe(Fig.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle). FigureKeno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod). In addition,Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.
As shown in Fig.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil(Electric Current Resistance Easy Clean Spc Flooring with Cork Backing,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve, regardless of the sensor position.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Machinery Spare Parts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.
China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.
Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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