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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). However,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm,30W Pd Quick Charge Charger). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal(Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part).
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Alternatively,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock–China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper). Aldenet al. (Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion) describe the temperature-Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Initially,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price). Morriset al. (cnuneed.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer) and Räsänenet al. (CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. In addition,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill(00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Spiral Duct Forming Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)-Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packagingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOriginal Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePopular Rose Gold Paper Gift Cosmetic Gift Packaging Box Wholesalethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Seriesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCamouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine). FigurePP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mmshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCarbon Steel Bridge Slotted Water Well Screens for Well Drillingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine(Fig.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating). FigureODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
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DISCUSSION
2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-off Grid Solar Power System 3kw-infrared spectrometry (Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay). In addition,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
As shown in Fig.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers(Biopolymer Flocculant Poly Glutamic Acid Factory & Manufacturer,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware, regardless of the sensor position.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China 700mm UHP Grade 3tpi 4tpi Nipple Graphite Electrode Price Manufacturers).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
