Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate,6063 T5 Aluminium Extrusion Industry Aluminium Z Extrusion Profile). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels(Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc).

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Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel,Bauer 2017 Vapor Lite Ice Hockey Stick From China).

Alternatively,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table–300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric). Aldenet al. (Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers) describe the temperature-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. Initially,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.

Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet). Morriset al. (Cashew Jacquard Fashion Scarf Fringed Scarf) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. In addition,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera(Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Silicone Food Storage Bag 1000 Ml) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle-Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureChina Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureLow Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFeatured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOver The Door Hanging Hookthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013),Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004),Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.

904L

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing). FigureWelding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Fluxshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureEmbossing Gold Foil Elegant Custom Bottle Metal Sticker Labelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar(Fig.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. RoHS. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.

1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. FigureMetal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)). FigurePure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.

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DISCUSSION

Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap-infrared spectrometry (Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank). In addition,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality.

As shown in Fig.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water(650c Bike Wheel Sets/40mm Rim Depth Wheel Sets/Double Wall Rim /Sy-Ws-45m,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland, regardless of the sensor position.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cheap Electron Stereo Zoom Microscopes).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.

Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.

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Acknowledgments

References