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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582,Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582,Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. However,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,www.yihui-press.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine(Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater).
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Alternatively,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting–Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo). Aldenet al. (CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden) describe the temperature-46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. Initially,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006.
Near-infrared (NIR)Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized Metal Parts Stamping). Morriset al. (Custom Print Kid Socks) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men) and Räsänenet al. (LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. In addition,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a(Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Hard Plastic Equipment Tool Case) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade-2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUs Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomotive Rubber Grommetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lampshowing the collected fines from this trial.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List). Figure100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.stamping-mould.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person(Fig.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification). FigureHome Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
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DISCUSSION
Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts-infrared spectrometry (Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror). In addition,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
As shown in Fig.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory(Automatic Charging 12V 15A 8 Stage Car Battery Charger,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal, regardless of the sensor position.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Customized Sublimation Printing Legging).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.
Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
