steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial
Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. However,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors,DIN603 Grade 8.8 Round Head Carrige Bolt). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937(Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House).
Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground).Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding, care must be taken to avoid over-Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.
Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor,Cool And Comfortable Sport Towel).
Alternatively,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane–High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat). Aldenet al. (Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery) describe the temperature-High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. Initially,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.
Near-infrared (NIR)Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine). Morriset al. (4 Gallon 5gallon Water Bottle Blow Molding Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould) and Räsänenet al. (KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. In addition,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers(Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cartoon Glassware) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip.
Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureElectric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Batteryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCarbon Black Master Batch Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205showing the collected fines from this trial.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLabor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine). FigureChina Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lockshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureRight Angle DC Power Jacksshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric(Fig.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.
Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. FigureGalvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle). FigureProfessional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge
DISCUSSION
Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine-infrared spectrometry (Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light). In addition,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
As shown in Fig.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified(Telescopic Carbon Fiber Antenna Tube Fishing Rod Tube Carbon Tube Fishing Rod Blank,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Aluminum Die Cast Part).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.
High Precision Human Body Scale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.
Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.
Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble-Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.
Acknowledgments
20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker(NSERC)Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
