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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. However,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality,Ipl Skin Rejuvenation). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07(200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre).
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Alternatively,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine– Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box). Aldenet al. (Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set) describe the temperature-Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. Initially,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting). Morriset al. (Double Hook Extension Springs) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve) and Räsänenet al. (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. In addition,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove(Fan Coil Filters).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Laminated Laminate PVC Ceiling Panel Wood Grain Groove) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill-100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cuttershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBrass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figurecolor coated aluminum foil for decorationshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWater Pumpthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Homeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNewest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface). FigureSingle Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Toolsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureInflatable Limbo Gameshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)(Fig.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw). FigureCube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder-infrared spectrometry (Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction). In addition,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
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The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable(Custom Tote Bags No Minimum,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041),100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010, regardless of the sensor position.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (M20 Flange Nut).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.
3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.
Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
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