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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. However,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Leatherst600,Planer Blade). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine(Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed).
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Alternatively,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial–Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price). Aldenet al. (Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump) describe the temperature-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. Initially,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.
Near-infrared (NIR)9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB). Morriset al. (Wholesale Custom Print Mobile Phone Screen Microfiber Cleaning Cloth Digital Printing Lens Sunglasses Glasses Eyeglass Sticky Eyewear Microfiber Sticker Cleaner) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet) and Räsänenet al. (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. In addition,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting(Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (New 1770 in Lbs Electric Actuator 3 Way Ball Valve) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019-Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEmbossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridgeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePopular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Sizeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureZinc Plated Flat Washerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricatorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAir Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat). FigureReplacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification systemshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHome Fragrance Reed Diffusershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100(Fig.Fire Protective Gloves).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder). Figure200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter-infrared spectrometry (3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter). In addition,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
As shown in Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale(ppbagwoven.com,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, regardless of the sensor position.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.
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Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
