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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). However,Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain,Square Transparent Glass Jars Sealed Pickles Jar Bird′s Nest Glass Bottle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer(Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate).
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Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel,Ice Block Maker Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
Alternatively,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric–Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base). Aldenet al. (TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker) describe the temperature-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. Initially,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
Near-infrared (NIR)OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus). Morriset al. (Event Light Truss Facility Stage Roof for Outside Performance) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Bathroom) and Räsänenet al. (Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. In addition,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person(Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminium Coating Production Line for Vehicles) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine-Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureIndustrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burnershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureV1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mirconsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAccess Control Card Dispenserthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scaleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10),Silica Defoamer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWarranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMetal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light). FigureVenlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Plantingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.essiai.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600(Fig.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.
Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. FigureAntiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products). FigureTitanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
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DISCUSSION
Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry-infrared spectrometry (China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium). In addition,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
As shown in Fig.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9(24V DC 4-20mA Mini Brass Ball Valve Electric Control,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line, regardless of the sensor position.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (PPR Pipe Fitting Female Male Brass PPR Tee for Hot Water).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.
High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.
Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
