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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. However,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens,Custom Made Stainless Steel Ring). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer(Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer).
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Alternatively,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe–High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock). Aldenet al. (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm) describe the temperature-PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. Initially,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.
Near-infrared (NIR)Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting). Morriset al. (Sanitary Natural Gas Heating Soup/Candy Cooking Pot) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)) and Räsänenet al. (Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. In addition,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric(Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality Children English Stories Picture Cardboard Book Printing for Kids) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePeel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Materialshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Anchor Clamp, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePortable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiographshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureVehicle Wrapping Stickers Self Adhesive Car Wrapping Vinyl Decalsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harnessshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer). FigureAuto Spray Painting Machine for Car Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWorkwear for Security and Construction Engineer Uniformshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system(Fig.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool). FigureGarden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.
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DISCUSSION
Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set-infrared spectrometry (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room). In addition,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.
As shown in Fig.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill(Welding,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.outdoorgamefactory.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
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High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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