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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts., and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal. However,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety,Summer Breathable Sports Shoes Net Red Models Versatile Shoes Men). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper(Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia).
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Alternatively,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc–UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag). Aldenet al. (Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves) describe the temperature-Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine. Initially,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires.
Near-infrared (NIR)Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting). Morriset al. (Industrial Desiccant Wheel Type Air Cooler and Dehumidifier Laboratory) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine) and Räsänenet al. (1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1. In addition,Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)(2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cheap Back Adjustable Assembly Hall Synthetic Leather Bar Stools (UL-JT822)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones-Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automated Fue Extraction Devices. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSSshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAuto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePolyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCarboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEmpty Glass Candle Jarthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)showing the collected fines from this trial.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube,Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBrass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant). FigureWiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camerashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFacial Mask Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays(Fig.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma). FigureIssc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone.
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DISCUSSION
Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper-infrared spectrometry (Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0). In addition,201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V(CNC Custom Stud Bolts Square Type,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Oil and Gas Pipeline,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price, regardless of the sensor position.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (150mbps Lte 4g Modem Wifi Router).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign,Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).
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LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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