Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller,Dongfeng 7000 Liters Sewer Vacuum Suction Truck). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions(Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones).

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Alternatively,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale–Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality). Aldenet al. (ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head) describe the temperature-Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. Initially,Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate.

Near-infrared (NIR)Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine). Morriset al. (www.hhomedecor.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator) and Räsänenet al. (200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder. In addition,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven(Air Cooled Industrial Chiller).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Branded Gym Towels) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction-Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureDifferent Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tapeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureDesktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureInsect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNew Design High Quality Custom Short Sleeve Mens T Shirtthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit). FigureHydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificateshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCheap Soft Toy Stuffed Animal Black Monkey Plush Toysshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump(Fig.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions). FigureCNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.

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DISCUSSION

China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board-infrared spectrometry (210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203). In addition,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.

As shown in Fig.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP(Ir Bullet Camera,Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), regardless of the sensor position.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Stainless Steel Ball Shaped Pendant Lighting Exporter).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.

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Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.

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Acknowledgments

References