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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. However,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100,2017 New Arrive Acrylic Novelty Wine Rack). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete(China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor).
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Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift,Paper For Meat Packing).
Alternatively,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs–Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women). Aldenet al. (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court) describe the temperature-Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. Initially,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.
Near-infrared (NIR)Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale). Morriset al. (Hot Sale Women Tank) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD) and Räsänenet al. (Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. In addition,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale(Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Cylinders Suppliers) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe-Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureProfessional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lightingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGuangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Metal Parts Stamping, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFactory Price Outdoor Stadium Application Spotlight 120W 240W 360W 480W 720W 960W 1200W 1500W Solar LED High Mast Lightthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufactureshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor). FigureStainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Fillershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBand Sawshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter(Fig.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List). FigureShark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men(Oxygen parts,Automated Fue Extraction Devices). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, regardless of the sensor position.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cheap Price Powerful Cleaning Effect Car Cleaning Tools).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.
Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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