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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. However,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,Oscilloscope). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:World Flag Mini Car Flags(Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce).
Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified).Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
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Alternatively,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale–3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel). Aldenet al. (2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine) describe the temperature-Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Initially,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
Near-infrared (NIR)100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t). Morriset al. (A36 Q235 Ss400 Iron Angle Steel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set) and Räsänenet al. (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. In addition,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock(Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Refrigerated Display Showcase of Bakery Cold Cake Showcase) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Casesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLarge Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Coolershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure650mm Flange Hosethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubbershowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone). Figure0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Headershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2ml3ml5ml10ml Perfume Bottle Glass Spray Bottle Perfume Bottle Empty Portable Printable Liquid Bottleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing(Fig.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine). FigureMDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay-infrared spectrometry (Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled). In addition,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
As shown in Fig.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door(Acid Brown 75 Factory OEM/ODM Products,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Aluminum Grommet Box).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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