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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. However,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers,30ml Plastic Bottle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component(Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety).
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Alternatively,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry–Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc). Aldenet al. (UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag) describe the temperature-OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. Initially,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves). Morriset al. (Sinotruk HOWO-A7 Tractor Truck for Sale for Africa) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting) and Räsänenet al. (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. In addition,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder(1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Heat Exchanger Boiler Heat Resistance Stainless Steel Tube Plate 309S/310S/253mA) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade-Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Invertershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePolished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBest Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRecycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissueshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSany Sy80c-9s Small Excavator 8 Ton Digging Machine of Excavatorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100). FigureCe ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendantshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCertificated High Pressure Double Ended Hydraulic RAM Jackshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power(Fig.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit). FigurePP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
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DISCUSSION
Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan-infrared spectrometry (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight). In addition,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.
As shown in Fig.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors(Alloy Steel Pipe SA-335 SA-335m P5 P9 P11 P12 Steel Pipe,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale, Oil and Gas Pipeline) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts, regardless of the sensor position.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Digital Signage For Advertising Display).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.
Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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