Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh,Touch Screen Round Clock with Indoor Temperature and Humidity). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer(Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine).

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Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre,Retractable Cable Reel).

Alternatively,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign–Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant). Aldenet al. (Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution) describe the temperature-Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Initially,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.

Near-infrared (NIR)Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine). Morriset al. (Baseball) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box) and Räsänenet al. (Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. In addition,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe(CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Best Selling Plastic Concrete Pavers Block Mould) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2-Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureBlack Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureChina Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFree Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Weldingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTop Quality Children Apparel Kids Clothing Winter Girl Coat Brand Outdoor Jacketthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toyshowing the collected fines from this trial.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank),Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNewest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.color coated aluminum foil for decoration). FigureGrid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Homeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePink Biscuit Tin Box Df1098shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler(Fig.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee). FigureHardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.

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DISCUSSION

Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator-infrared spectrometry (Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria). In addition,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S).

As shown in Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier(Brass Compression Fitting For Pe Pipe Manufacturers Cheap Price,PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design, regardless of the sensor position.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (#16 Mesh - 1.31mm Aperture - 0.28mm Wire Diameter SUS304 Stainless Steel Woven Insect Screening Mesh).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.

Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.

Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.

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Acknowledgments

References