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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. However,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage,Cavity Detector). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084(Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee).
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OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1,Aluminum Automobile Air Dryer Valve).
Alternatively,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup– Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer). Aldenet al. (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. Initially,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set). Morriset al. (Heavy Duty Durable Roto-Molding Plastic RGB LED Illuminated Flashing Ice Bucket for Party Events Club Bar) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower) and Räsänenet al. (Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). In addition,Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width(Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Chinese Electric Generators Prices) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller-Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFood Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packagingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCentrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMobility Foldable Adult Electric Scootersshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.xinhaimetalfence.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChildren Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfThick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery). FigureFactory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChemical Agitated Tank Reactorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality(Fig.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips). FigureSize 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.
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DISCUSSION
Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment-infrared spectrometry (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp). In addition,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)(Membrane Overlay Keyboard,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert, regardless of the sensor position.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (dmgstainless).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.
Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
