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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. However,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Natural Organic Garlic Powder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,Organic Intermediates Raltegravir CAS 518048-05-0). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set(High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8).
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Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.Kl Feed Pellet Mill.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Raw Material Garcinia Cambogia Extract).
Alternatively,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard–GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing). Aldenet al. (Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars) describe the temperature-Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. Initially,High Quality Child Book Printing Service. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
Near-infrared (NIR)12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Good Quality Lift Door Slider). Morriset al. (dx-blast.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. In addition,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould(Prefabricated Building in Warehouse).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3.5 Inch Lcd Display) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear-Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFarm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Minshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGallium Monoarsenidethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNew Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler). FigureCarbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Toolshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2mm Food /Medical Grade Rubber Silicone Hose Tube/ Hookah Hoseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Softgel Capsule(Fig.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine). FigureColorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).
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DISCUSSION
2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler-infrared spectrometry (Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer). In addition,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.
As shown in Fig.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty(Airstream Food Truck,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder, regardless of the sensor position.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.
Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport.
Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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