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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. However,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts,Best Selling Plastic Concrete Pavers Block Mould). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks(23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter).
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PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155),Motorcycle Spare Part Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6202 15X35X11).
Alternatively,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask–Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner) describe the temperature-Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. Initially,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.
Near-infrared (NIR)Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net). Morriset al. (Top Quality Children Apparel Kids Clothing Winter Girl Coat Brand Outdoor Jacket) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank) and Räsänenet al. (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. In addition,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC(China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Pink Biscuit Tin Box Df1098) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan-Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBlue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toysshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureEPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNon-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solutionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCheapest Most Popular Plastic Maze Gamethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bVenlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGarden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set). FigureCNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cuttingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBrass Compression Fitting For Pe Pipe Manufacturers Cheap Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain(Fig.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding). FigureHot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.color coated aluminum foil for decoration, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings(Fashionable Outdoor Sport Kayak Lifejacket for Lifesaving and Safety,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile, regardless of the sensor position.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (30kw 80A Three Phase AC Input Reactor with Ce Certificate (RACL 2%-80/30)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.
Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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