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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. However,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Din571 Lag Screws). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe(Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits).
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Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine,Eye Care Tool Travel Sleeping Eye Mask Eye Cover Shade Blindfold).
Alternatively,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone–0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header). Aldenet al. (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet) describe the temperature-Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. Initially,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
Near-infrared (NIR)Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality). Morriset al. (Sm FTTH 8 Way Passive Optical Receiver Node) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. In addition,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting(Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Everun 1500kg Self Levelling Telescopic Forklift Handler) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureIce Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureProfessional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryersshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Chair Accessoriesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safetyshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone). FigureGlass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Doorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOzone Home Air Purifier with Time Settingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer(Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer). FigureCustom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House(Automatic Door Sliding Door Operator Automatic Glass Door Auto Door,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b, regardless of the sensor position.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (OEM T Type EPDM Rubber Seal Strips for Wooden Doors).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.
Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.
Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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