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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. However,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display,Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves(2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt).
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Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband,China Construction Pipe Fittings).
Alternatively,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated–Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting). Aldenet al. (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board) describe the temperature-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. Initially,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.
Near-infrared (NIR)Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode). Morriset al. (OS&Y Soft Resilient Seat Gate Valve) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box) and Räsänenet al. (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. In addition,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor(100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.arabellaclothing.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSmart Cell Phone Arm Bagshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNewest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHeavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bagshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.hrbpackgroup.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006showing the collected fines from this trial.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSlp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board). FigureCe/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirrorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Spgw Piston Sealshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor(Fig.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.
Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Figure4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine). FigureWholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.
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DISCUSSION
Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Industrial Used ISO Tank Container-infrared spectrometry (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA). In addition,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
As shown in Fig.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump(High Quality Digital Large Format Inkjet Textile Printer for 3D Bedding with Two Dx7 Printheads,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029),Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23, regardless of the sensor position.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Electrical Contactor 20a Suppliers for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.
Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.
PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor-Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
