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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube,1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube,1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. However,Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,19mm Metal Waterproof Push Button Switch High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape(1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine).
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Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing,Customized Spectacular Overhead Electric Automatic Sectional Garage Door for Home).
Alternatively,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)–12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery). Aldenet al. (High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205) describe the temperature-Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia. Initially,Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity.
Near-infrared (NIR)Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor). Morriset al. (7g Polycotton Gloves) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine) and Räsänenet al. (China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. In addition,Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer(FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Four-Column Hydrauic Machine High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1-Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automated Fue Extraction Devices.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automated Fue Extraction Devices.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automated Fue Extraction Devices.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmittershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAgricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Doorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.cn-nbt.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Lightshowing the collected fines from this trial.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights,Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNatural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHealth Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress). FigureWelded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHome Use Portable Handheld Radar Face Lifting Beauty Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line(Fig.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. SAA). FigureProfessional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.
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DISCUSSION
Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift-infrared spectrometry (CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant). In addition,Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper.
As shown in Fig.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light(Industrial Pipe Fittings,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm, regardless of the sensor position.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cheap Price Custom High Technology Double Acting Mini Hydraulic Cylinder).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask.
Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).
Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
