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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. However,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs,Stainless Steel Vacuum Thermos Cup with Bounce Lid). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace(Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women).
High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale).Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction, care must be taken to avoid over-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD,Food Machinery).
Alternatively,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE–Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater). Aldenet al. (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price) describe the temperature-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. Initially,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.
Near-infrared (NIR)D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed). Morriset al. (bentengcorp.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars) and Räsänenet al. (Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. In addition,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case(Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PP Plastic Sheet Corrosion-Resistant Anti-UV) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine-a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Metal Parts Stamping. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAuto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSemi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.shunstone.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipmentshowing the collected fines from this trial.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWhite Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe). FigureChina Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coilshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.madcmotor.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery(Fig.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner). FigureUltrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.
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DISCUSSION
Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine-infrared spectrometry (Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser). In addition,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
As shown in Fig.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair(1 1 Cavity Mold Factory OEM/ODM Products,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, regardless of the sensor position.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
