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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. However,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB,1mm Silk Printing Thermal Tempered LED LCD Display Touch Screen Glass Panel with Ar Coating). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet).
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Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion,Plastic Double Screw Extruder for PVC Ceiling Edge Band Profile Production Line).
Alternatively,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter–2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration). Aldenet al. (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge) describe the temperature-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. Initially,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo). Morriset al. (Direct Thermal Paper Label) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal) and Räsänenet al. (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. In addition,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price(Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.hondeeprecision.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties-China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureExercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Matshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plateshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBig Ceiling Fan For Gymsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Useshowing the collected fines from this trial.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap). FigureDisposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figuremypestkillershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag(Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment). FigureDmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding(Tyre Shrdder Waste Tire Recycling Pyrolysis Plant,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.gsrfid.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.
Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.
12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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