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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. However,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis,Sinoah Veterinary Medicine with Good Quality Imidocarb Dipropionate Made in China). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine(Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder).
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11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum,Black Cohosh And Soy Isoflavones).
Alternatively,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant–Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting). Aldenet al. (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts) describe the temperature-Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. Initially,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
Near-infrared (NIR)Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace). Morriset al. (m.wanlmedical.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator) and Räsänenet al. (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. In addition,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event(OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Case Tablet 10.1) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profileshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGlass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCe Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSurface Protective Film for Aluminium Windowshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCheap Laboratory Test Equipmentsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportationshowing the collected fines from this trial.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHuman Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving). FigureHome Elevator for 2-4 Personshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMen′s Short Sleeve Breathable Hunting Shirtshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp(Fig.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm). FigureJh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
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DISCUSSION
Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace-infrared spectrometry (Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders). In addition,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.
As shown in Fig.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100), the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump(Strike Jamb Seal for Shower Door Glass Sealing Strip Bathroom Waterproof Seal Strip,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, regardless of the sensor position.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Personal Safety Alarm Amazon).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.
Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer-42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
Acknowledgments
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References
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